Reference citations in text:
Be sure that all your cited references are included in the reference list of your paper, AND that every item / source in your reference list is cited in the text of your paper.
Paraphrased ideas:
The Publications Manual of the American Psychological Association notes that you must cite the source each time you summarize or paraphrase the words of another author
(p. 349). This may mean that you will cite the same reference several times in one paragraph, depending on how many different ideas you have used from other sources. You cannot just give one citation at the end of two or three paragraphs of borrowed material!
Examples:
Aagaard (1991) noted that a facility purportedly built for the use of lower SES families ought to be located in the area in which such families live, not five miles away. She stated that…. Also mentioned by Aagaard was the idea of .… Aagaard’s final conclusion was….
Aagaard noted that a facility purportedly built for the use of lower SES families ought to be located in the area in which such families live, not five miles away (1991).
It has been stated (Kannapel, Coe, Aagaard, Moore, & Reeves, 2000) that….
Kannapel, Coe, Aagaard, Moore, and Reeves (2000) found that…. The authors also commented that….
If a reference with three or more authors is cited a second time:
Kannapel et al. (2000) found that….
Citation of secondary sources:
If you are using the words of someone who was quoted by the author of the article or book you are consulting, you must cite the article or book as a ‘secondary source.’ For, example, if a paper by Aagaard (1991) is discussed in the book by Langenbach, Vaughn, and Aagaard (1994), and you haven’t actually seen or read a copy of Aagaard (1991) but you want to include some of the ideas presented in it that were presented in the Lagenbach et al. (1994) book, then you list the book in your references but cite both the paper and the book in the text of your paper.
Examples:
In text:
Aagaard’s 1991 study (as cited in Lagenbach, Vaughn, & Aagaard, 1994) discussed the implications….
In the reference list:
Langenbach, M., Vaughn, C., & Aagaard, L. (1994). An introduction to educational research. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Direct quotations:
Direct quotes of the words of a source MUST be enclosed in quotation marks, if less than 40 in length, or block indented five (5) spaces from the left margin, if more than 40 words in length. Do not include quotation marks on block-indented quotes. The page number of the article from which you got the quote must also be included with the text citation. If the citation comes at the end of the quote, the final punctuation follows the citation in short quotes, but comes before it in block indented quotes.
Examples:
“Primary teachers made more changes in their classrooms than teachers at other grade levels” Kannapel, Aagaard, Coe, & Reeves, 2000, p. 137).
Primary teachers made more
changes in their classrooms than teachers at other grade levels. The multiage
groupings, varied instructional practices, and individualized assessments
implemented by primary teachers were largely in response to the state mandate
requiring that these (and other) “critical attributes” be implemented in all
primary classrooms. The early efforts of primary teachers focused almost
entirely on process rather than content, reflecting an emphasis on the critical
attributes named in the KERA legislation. (Kannapel, Aagaard, Coe, & Reeves,
2000, p. 137)
References list
Basics
(a) Arrange reference in alphabetical order by the last name of the first author: Include ALL Authors in the reference entry, in the order given in the source document (article, book, etc.)
(b) No full first names, use only initials, and use ALL the initials given
(c) Only journal titles get full title capitalization. Article and book titles only have the first word, the first word after a colon, proper names, and acronyms capitalized
(d) Double-spaced (these examples are 1.5 spaced for space-saving reasons)
(e) Hanging Indention
(f) Titles of books, journal titles (not articles titles), volume numbers, and titles of
stand-alone documents are italicized.
Article in journal or periodical:
Aagaard, L. (1991). The Bagby human resources center: A case study in unrealized potential. Community Education Research Digest, 5 (2), 54-64.
[Note the capitalization of the first word in the title, the proper name in the title of the article (Bagby) and the first word in the title after the colon. No other words are capitalized]
Full-text journal article, three to five authors, retrieved from database:
Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos, E. D., & White, L. A.
(1993). Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449. Retrieved October 23, 2000, from
PsycARTICLES database.
If you view the article in its electronic journal version only (not from a database):
VandenBos, G., Knapp, S.,
& Doe, J. (2001) Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by
psychology
undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5,
117-133.
(An electronic version of a journal is based on a print copy that is identical to it. The electronic version is found on a website that is only for that journal. If there is no print copy of the journal published, then it is an internet-only journal and is cited as below.)
Article in an Internet-only journal:
Kannapel, P.J., Aagaard,
L., Coe, P., & Reeves, C. A. (2000). Implementation of Kentucky's nongraded
primary
program. Education Policy Analysis Archive, 8(34). Retrieved January 8,
2001, from
http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v8n34.html
ERIC document (paper presentation) (retrieved full-text online):
Skidmore, R.L. (2003, November). Predicting final examination grades in a self-paced introductory psychology course: The role of motivational orientation, learning strategies, procrastination, and perceptions of daily hassles. Paper presented at the meeting of the Mid-South Educational Research Association, Biloxi, MS. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED482293) Retrieved January 23, 2006, from EBSCOhost ERIC database.
(If the ERIC document is something other than a paper presentation, you leave out the “Paper presented at…” line. If it is a master’s thesis or some other type of report, look up how to cite that in the APA manual, but leave in the ERIC number parenthetical statement and if it is available fulltext online, you must include the retrieval statement, also.)
Book:
Beck, C.A. J., & Sales, B. D. (2001) Family mediation: Facts, myths, and future prospects. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Chapter in a book:
Kannapel, P.J., Coe, P., Aagaard, L., Moore, B. D., & Reeves, C. A. (2000). Teacher responses to rewards and sanctions: Effects of and reactions to Kentucky's high stakes accountability program. In B. L. Whitford and K. Jones (Eds.), Accountability, assessment, and teacher commitment: Lessons from Kentucky's reform effort (pp. 127-146). Albany: State University of New York Press.
The most important pages in your APA manual for checking on citation and referencing:
Citation in text: p. 207-214
References:
Explanation: p. 215-232
Examples: p. 232-281
Below is a brief example of the structure of a references page from a paper
formatted in APA reference style. Always start the references on a new page
rather than at the bottom of text. (To get a new page that doesn’t shift around
when you add or delete more text above it, move your cursor to the very end of
the page right before your reference list, hold the Control [Ctrl] button down
and press Enter at the same time. This is called a “hard page.” Start your
reference list at the top of the hard page.)
References
Beswick, G., Rothblum, E. D., & Mann, L. (1988). Psychological antecedents of student procrastination. Australian Psychologist, 23, 207-217.
Blankstein, K., Flett, G., & Koledin, S. (1991). The Brief College Student Hassles Scale: Development, validation and relation with pessimism. Journal of College Student Development, 32, 258-264. Retrieved June 10, 2004, from EBSCOhost Academic Search Premier database.
Bloom, B. S. (1981). All our children learning. A primer for parents, teachers, and other educators. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Ellis, A., & Klaus, W. (1977). Overcoming procrastination. New York: Signet.
Entwistle, N. (1995). Introduction: Influences of instructional settings on
learning and cognitive development – findings from European research programs.
Educational Psychologist, 30(1), 1-3.
How to do hanging indentation and double spacing in Word:
1. At the beginning of the reference list, click on Format on the Menu Bar at the top of the page and choose paragraph (or right click your mouse and choose paragraph).
2. The pop-up window that results allows you to control both indentation and spacing, so you can double-space from here, also. The middle portion of the window is indentation and there is a section right in the middle of it that is marked Special. Click on the checkmark beside the box under Special and choose Hanging.